Avances en el desarrollo de las vacunas neumocócicas conjugadas

Autores/as

  • Wendy Chan Acón Instituto de Atención Pediátrica
  • Arturo Abdelnour Vásquez Instituto de Atención Pediátrica
  • Carolina Soley Gutiérrez Instituto de Atención Pediátrica
  • Adriano Arguedas Mohs Universidad de Costa Rica

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51481/amc.v52i3.658

Palabras clave:

neumococo, vacunas conjugadas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, vacunas

Resumen

El Streptococcus pneumoniae se encuentra entre los mayores patógenos causantes de infecciones invasoras y no invasoras en los dos extremos de la vida: en niños menores de 5 años y en personas mayores de 65 años de edad. Las principales manifestaciones asociadas a infecciones neumocócicas son: neumonía, bacteriemia febril, septicemia, otitis media y meningitis. Esta bacteria es uno de los principales agentes involucrados en la mortalidad infantil, con un estimado de 1, 000,000 de muertes globales por año, en niños menores de 5 años de edad, la mayoría provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo, por lo que es considerada como un serio problema para la salud pública alrededor del mundo. En el 2000 se introdujo al mercado de los Estados Unidos de Norte América, la primera vacuna neumocócica conjugada, que a diferencia de la ya disponible vacuna neumocócica polisacárida, es capaz de proporcionar una respuesta inmune efectiva para la protección de niños menores de 2 años. La eficacia reportada para la vacuna conjugada heptavalente en los ensayos clínicos iniciales fue de un 97.4% contra la enfermedad neumocócica invasora producida por los serotipos incluidos en la vacuna (4, 9V, 14, 19F, 23F, 18C y 6B). En la actualidad diferentes entidades regulatorias, incluyendo la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMEA), han autorizado la comercialización de la vacuna conjugada 10-valente, en la que, además de los serotipos descritos para la vacuna 7-valente, se incluyen los serotipos 1, 5 y 7F; de estos diez serotipos, ocho se encuentran conjugados con la proteína transportadora D, un elemento que se encuentra en la porción externa del Haemophilus influenzae. La otra nueva vacuna conjugada que está en fase de análisis por diferentes entidades regulatorias, incluyendo la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de los Estados Unidos (FDA) y la EMEA, pero que ya fue aprobada en Chile, es la que contiene 13 serotipos: los diez de la vacuna 10-valente y los serotipos 3, 6A y 19A. En el caso de la vacuna 13-valente, todos los serotipos están conjugados con el transportador CRM197. Estas nuevas formulaciones pretenden ampliar la cobertura contra el S. pneumoniae, incluyendo serotipos frecuentes en países en vías de desarrollo (serotipo 1 y 5) y serotipos emergentes luego de una década de la vacunación con la vacuna 7-valente, como son: 3, 6A, 17F y 19A.

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Publicado

2010-06-14

Cómo citar

Chan Acón, W., Abdelnour Vásquez, A., Soley Gutiérrez, C., & Arguedas Mohs, A. (2010). Avances en el desarrollo de las vacunas neumocócicas conjugadas. Acta Médica Costarricense, 52(3), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.51481/amc.v52i3.658